PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Class Chondrichthyes
Shark - External Features
Placoid scales Head Trunk
External gill slits Tail Spiracle
Lateral line canal Eyes Pectoral fins
Pelvic fins Dorsal fins Fin spines
Caudal fin Cloaca Dorsal lobe of caudal fin
External nares Mouth Ventral lobe of caudal fin
Labial groove Teeth Endolymphatic pores
Ampullae of Lorenzini Claspers Labial pouch
Urogenital papilla Urinary papilla
Shark - Trunk and Tail Musculature
Myomeres Myosepta Horizontal septum
Epaxial muscles Hypaxial muscles Linea alba
Dorsal vertical septum Ventral vertical septum
Shark - Appendicular Musculature
Levator muscles Depressor muscles Radial muscles
(=extensors) (=flexors)
Shark - Branchiomeric Musculature (Constrictor Muscles)
1st Dorsal constrictor 1st Ventral constrictor
Mandibular adductor Intermandibular
Spiracular
2nd Dorsal Constrictor 2nd Ventral Constrictor
Epihyoid Interhyoid
3rd to 6th Dorsal constrictor
3rd to 6th Ventral constrictor
Shark - Branchiomeric Musculature (Levator Muscles)
Palatoquadrae levator Cucullaris
Shark - Hypobranchial Musculature
Common coracoarcuals Coracomandibular Coracohyoids
Thyroid gland
Musculature Summary of the Shark
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action |
| Extensor | Scapular process | Fin pterygiophores | Elevates pectoral fin |
| Flexor | Coracoid bar | Fin pterygiophores | Depresses pectoral fin |
| Cucullaris | Fascia of epaxial muscle | Scapular cartilage | Elevate scapular cartilage |
PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Class Amphibia
Mud Puppy - External Features
Head Lips External nares
Eyes External gills Gill slits
Gular fold Trunk Pectoral limbs
Pelvic limbs Cloaca Tail
Mud Puppy - Axial Musculature (Trunk Muscles)
Epaxial muscles Hypaxial muscles Myomeres
Myosepta Dorsalis trunci Linea alba
External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Mud Puppy - Axial Musculature (Muscles of Head and Gill Region)
Anterior mandibular levator External mandibular levator Mandibular depressor
Dorsalis trunci Branchial levators Intermandibular
Interhyoid Geniohyoid Branchiohyoid
Rectus cervicis
Mud Puppy - Appendicular Musculature (Muscles of Pectoral Girdle)
Pectoralis Supracoracoideus Procoracohumeralis
Cucullaris (trapezius) Dorsalis scapulae Latissimus dorsi
Mud Puppy - Appendicular Musculature (Muscles of the Forelimb)
Humeroantebrachialis Triceps brachii Coracobrachialis
Mud Puppy - Appendicular Musculature (Muscles of Pelvic Girdle)
Puboischiofemoralis externus Puboischiofemoralis internus
Puboischiotibialis Pubotibialis
Iliotibialis Ilioextensorius Iliofibularis
Musculature Summary of the Mud Puppy
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action |
| Dorsalis trunci | Myosepta and transverse processes | Myosepta and transverse processes | Flexes trunk laterally |
| External oblique | Myosepta and horizontal septum | Myosepta and linea alba | Supports and compresses viscera |
| Cucullaris | Dorsal cervical fascia | Scapula near glenoid cavity | Draws scapula anterodorsally |
| Triceps branchii | Coracoid, scapula, and humerus | Near distal end of ulna | Extends forearm |
| Puboischiofemoralis externus | Pelvic girdle | Crest of femur | Adducts thigh |
PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Class Mammalia
Cat - External Features
Eyes Pinna Vibrissae
Claws Tori Anus
Urogenital sinus Nipples Scrotum
Prepuce
Cat - Shoulder Muscles (Superficial Group)
Acromiotrapezius Spinotrapezius Clavotrapezius
Clavobrachialis Acromiodeltoid Spinodeltoid
Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae ventralis
Cat - Shoulder Muscles (Deep Group)
Rhomboideus Splenius Rhomboideus capitis
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres major
Teres minor
Cat - Muscles of the Back
Spinalis dorsi Longissimus dorsi Iliocostalis
Serratus dorsalis inferior Serratus dorsalis superior Multifidus spinae
Cat - Thoracic Muscles (Pectoral Group)
Pectoantebrachialis Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor
Xiphihumeralis
Cat - Thoracic Muscles (Deep Thoracic Group)
External intercostals Serratus ventralis Scalenus
Transversus costarum
Cat - Abdominal Muscles
External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominus
Rectus abdominis
Cat - Muscles of the Neck and Head (Superficial Group)
Sternomastoid Sternohyoid Digastric
Mylohyoid Temporalis Masseter
Cat - Muscles of the Neck and Head (Deep Group)
Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid Cricothyroid
Cleidomastoid Geniohyoid Hyoglossus
Styloglossus Genioglossus
Cat - Muscles of the Upper Arm (Medial Surface)
Coracobrachialis Epitrochlearis Biceps brachii
Cat - Muscles of the Upper Arm (Lateral Surface)
Triceps brachii Anconeus Brachialis
Cat - Muscles of the Forearm (Superficial Dorsal Group)
Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor digitorum communis Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi digitorum lateralis Extensor carpi ulnaris
Cat - Muscles of the Forearm (Superficial Ventral Group)
Transverse carpal ligament Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pronator teres Palmaris longus
Cat - Muscles of the Thigh (Medial Surface)
Sartorius Gracilis Semimembranosus
Adductor femoris Adductor longus Pectineus
Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Vastus medialis
Cat - Muscles of the Thigh (Lateral Surface)
Tensor fascia lata Biceps femoris Semitendinosus
Caudofemoralis Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius
Vastus lateralis
Cat - Muscles of the Leg (Superficial Dorsal Group)
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
Cat - Muscles of the Leg (Lateral Group)
Peroneus longus Peroneus tertius Peroneus brevis
Cat - Muscles of the Leg (Ventral Group)
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus
Summary of the Musculature of the Cat
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action |
| Clavobrachialis | Clavicle | Ulna beneath semilunar | Flexes forearm |
| Supraspinatus | Supraspinous fossa | Greater tubercle of humerus | Extends arm |
| Pectoantebrachialis | Manubrium of sternum | Fascia of forearm | Adducts forelimb |
| Pectoralis major | Cranial sternebrae | Pectoral ridge of humerus | Adducts forelimb |
| Brachio radialis | Middle fifth of humerus | Styloid process of radius | Supinator of hand |
| Flexor carpi radialis | Medial epicondyle of humerus | Base of metacarpals 2 and 3 | Flexor of digits 2 and 3 |
| Semimembranosus | Ischium | Distal end of femur | Extends thigh |
| Gastrocnemius | Both epicondyles and patella | Proximal end of calcaneus | Extends foot |
Muscle Homologies
Cranial Musculature |
||
| Squalus | Necturus | Felis |
| Adductor mandibulae | Adductor mandibulae | Masseter temporalis |
| Intermandibularis | Intermandibularis | Mylohyoid |
| Cucullaris | Cucullaris | Trapezius complex Clavotrapezius Acromistrapezius Spinotrapezius |
| Coracoarcuals | Rectus Cervicis | Geniohyoid |
Appendicular Musculature |
||
| -------- |
Supracoracoideus | Supraspinatus Infraspinatus |
| -------- | Iliotibialis | Sartorius |
| -------- | Pubiotibialis | Adductor femoris |